Every type of block in Minecraft is represented by a singular Block instance. This makes it impossible to change a specific block's state by simply changing the Block instance's state, as every other block of that type will be affected! But, what if you do want to give a singular block state, so it can change based on some condition?

This is what BlockStates are for. Say we wanted a block that can summon lightning, but only when charged up.

First we define the boolean property of the block - whether or not it is charged (careful not to import the wrong BooleanProperty), and register the block within the mod initializer. (If you directly register the block in the static field in the ChargeableBlock class, the mod initializer may totally ignore it if the class is not initialized.)

In fact, you can also use existing properties defined in vanilla, which can be found in Properties (net.minecraft.state.property.Properties). If you intend to define other types of properties, you may use IntProperty or EnumProperty.

Create the class first:

public class ChargeableBlock extends Block {
    public static final BooleanProperty CHARGED = BooleanProperty.of("charged");
 
    public ChargeableBlock(Settings settings) {
      super(settings);
    }
}

We register the blocks in the form described in blocks.

public final class TutorialBlocks {
    // For versions below 1.21.2:
    public static final Chargeable CHARGEABLE_BLOCK = register("chargeable_block", new ChargeableBlock(Block.Settings.copy(Blocks.STONE)));
    // For versions since 1.21.2:
    public static final Chargeable CHARGEABLE_BLOCK = register("chargeable_block", ChargeableBlock::new, Block.Settings.copy(Blocks.STONE));
 
    // [...]
}

Then we need to register the properties of the block by overriding appendProperties, and then add the CHARGED property:

public class ChargeableBlock extends Block {
    [...]
    @Override
    protected void appendProperties(StateManager.Builder<Block, BlockState> builder) {
        builder.add(CHARGED);
    }
 
}

Then we need to set the default state of our property. Go to the constructor of the class we created just now, and modify it like this:

public class ChargeableBlock extends Block {
    public ChargeableBlock(Settings settings) {
        super(settings);
        setDefaultState(getDefaultState().with(CHARGED, false));
    }
 
}

Now, we need to be able to charge the block, through the onUse method, with invoking the world.setBlockState() method inside of it (The playSound is completely optional, but it helps us know that the block is charged).

public class ChargeableBlock extends Block {
    [...]
    @Override
    public ActionResult onUse(BlockState state, World world, BlockPos pos, PlayerEntity player, BlockHitResult hit) {
        player.playSound(SoundEvents.BLOCK_RESPAWN_ANCHOR_CHARGE, 1, 1);
        world.setBlockState(pos, state.with(CHARGED, true));
        return ActionResult.SUCCESS;
    }
}

And finally, to use the CHARGED property, we call onSteppedOn, with world.getBlockState(pos).get(CHARGED) inside of it:

public class ChargeableBlock extends Block {
    [...]
    @Override
    public void onSteppedOn(World world, BlockPos pos, BlockState state, Entity entity) {
        if (world.getBlockState(pos).get(CHARGED)){
            // Summoning the Lighting Bolt at the block
            LightningEntity lightningEntity = EntityType.LIGHTNING_BOLT.create(world);
            lightningEntity.refreshPositionAfterTeleport(Vec3d.ofBottomCenter(pos));
            world.spawnEntity(lightningEntity);
        }
 
        world.setBlockState(pos, state.with(CHARGED, false));
        super.onSteppedOn(world, pos, state, entity);
    }
}

You can also make the texture and model of your block change based on the state. This is done through a JSON file called a “blockstate JSON”. All blocks need a blockstate JSON, whether they have multiple states or not, but the contents of the JSON can be as simple or complex as you like. If you want to change the textures of your block based on the state, you will need multiple models.

Let's say you register an instance of Chargeable to the ID tutorial:chargeable_block. Minecraft would look for a file at the location src/main/resources/assets/tutorial/blockstates/chargeable_block.json to load the state from. If you don't want your block to change models between states, the blockstate JSON can be very simple. It would look something like this:

resources/assets/tutorial/blockstates/chargeable_block.json

{
    "variants": {
        "": { "model": "tutorial:block/chargeable_block" }
    }
}

Let's break this simple example down. There are a couple important parts to this JSON:

• The "variants" defines what model should each possible blockstate use. We'll explore variants more in a little.
• A variant named "" (empty string) will apply to every permutation of a blockstate. If you have a "" variant, you shouldn't have any other variants in the JSON, or Minecraft will get upset.
• The object assigned to the "" variant can have various properties added to it like rotation or texture manipulation. Check out the linked Model page below for more documentation on what properties can be added. All variants must contain a "model" property.
• The "model" property is always passed an ID of a model. In this case, the game will look at the location src/main/resources/assets/tutorial/models/block/chargeable_block.json. The ID here can be anything. It doesn't need to be the same as your block's ID, but if you only have one variant, it probably should. Block models have their own setup, which is documented very well on the Minecraft wiki page linked below. You can either write the JSON by hand or use a program like Blockbench to generate it more easily.

If you want to have different models for each blockstate, you should add multiple variants. For the same src/main/resources/assets/tutorial/blockstates/chargeable_block.json location we used above, your model file would probably look like such:

resources/assets/tutorial/blockstates/chargeable_block.json

{
    "variants": {
        "charged=false": { "model": "tutorial:block/chargeable_block" },
        "charged=true": { "model": "tutorial:block/chargeable_block_charged" }
    }
}

In this JSON, there are two variants, one for each possibility of the CHARGED property we defined above. Since we gave the property the string name of charged in the Java, that's what we use here. Booleans only have two states, but if you use properties based on integers or enums, you'll have more variants.

Variants are based on possible permutations of the properties added to your block. A property can be totally ignored in the blockstate JSON if you want, like in the first blockstate JSON where we ignored the charged property, but if you want to include a property in one variant, it must be included in all variants. If tutorial:chargeable_block also had a boolean property called glowing, and you wanted to change the model based on whether it was glowing and based on whether it was charged, you would need four variants: charged off and glowing off, charged on and glowing off, charged off and glowing on, and charged on and glowing on. The same model can be assigned to multiple variants if you need it to be.

This is only a simple introduction to blockstate JSONs. All of the tricks you can do with blockstate and model JSONs are documented on the Minecraft wiki page, along with examples of how the features are used in vanilla. Best of luck!

Every possible blockstate for a block is registered when the Block object is initialized. This means that if you have 14 boolean properties, the block has 2^14 = 16384 different states and 2^14 states are registered. For this reason, blocks should not contain too many blockstate properties. Rather, blockstates should be mostly reserved for visuals, and Block Entities should be used for more advanced state.

As all possible states have been built, an equal state for a block is a same object, and the with method returns an existing object, instead of creating a new object - which means, for example, CHARGEABLE_BLOCK.getDefaultState().with(CHARGED, true) == CHARGEABLE_BLOCK.getDefaultState().with(CHARGED, true) returns true.